We believe in a balanced and healthy development of our students, as a result this fiesta is carved out in such a way that it has a proper blend of both academic and non-academic events. These [...]
Women’s Day Celebration on March 08, 2017 (Think, Write, Win) Essay Writing Contest only for Girls. Register before: March 05, 2017. Register your name [...]
Applications are invited from Indian nationals for the position of Junior Research Fellow (JRF) for Department of Science and Technology funded project (under TSDP scheme) with following details. [...]
Company Name: Adobe Systems Date: 27-Feb-17 Branch: BE – CE/IT/EC
Company Name: Infoobjects Inc. Date: 23-Feb-17 Branch: BE – All Branches
Company Name: Jay Khodiyar Machine Tools Date: 20-Feb-17 Branch: BE – Mech/Auto
Company Name: Integration Point Consulting Inc. Date: 20-Feb-17 Branch: BE – All Branches
Company Name: Face Academy Date: 19-Feb-17 Branch: BE – All Branches
Company Name: Face Academy Date: 18-Feb-17 Branch: BE – All Branches
Company Name: GLOBAL COMMUNICATION Date: 17-Feb-17 Branch: BE – EC
Gurpreet Singh
IIM, Ahmedabad
Expert talk by Mr. Gurpreet Singh (IIM-Ahmedabad) under the Artist in Residence program was conducted by Department of Environmental Science & Engineering for two days i.e. August 30-31, 2019. The session apprised the students and faculties about present environmental issues and the ongoing global talk about climate change. He also emphasized on the environmental problems i.e. water scarcity in and around the Saurashtra region. His talk also highlighted the importance of food security. The enthusiastic eighty-one students and thirteen faculties of Environmental Science & Engineering and Dept. of Microbiology took active participation in this session where the speaker elucidated the example of Lauren Singer’s zero waste lifestyle and enthralled the audience.
Mr. Gurpreet Singh imparted the important steps that need to be undertaken to reduce the pollution of our environment along with Climate change. He seemed to be very enthusiastic about restoring the Eco balance of the earth.
He discussed various forthcoming career scopes. An interactive session was organized for discussing the shortcomings and value addition for the undergoing projects for the B.Tech and M.Tech final year students. He gave valuable insights to the student project and also encouraged them to review the research done in that particular field.
A plantation drive campaign towards greener campus was augmented to make the students aware and involve more towards a greener lifestyle. The pledge taken by students and faculties to save the environment at the end of the session was a very enlightening move for everyone.
The second day started with a field visit for the ongoing project “Wealth from waste by Vermicomposting”. The valuable insights that he put forth is regarding the use of flexible and ready-to-shift compost bed so that the nearby villagers can make their own resource from their waste.
An interactive discussion with the faculties pertaining towards sustainable development in operations e.g. scope for rainwater harvesting or biogas plant etc. augmented a synergy where the amalgamation of management skills and environmental perspectives generated future horizons towards sustainability. Contemporary methodologies of plantations for the sustainable future were discussed during the session. He updated the students with govt. subsidies and tax benefits for the entrepreneurship in agriculture. He gave valuable tips and techniques regarding the growth of crops in the regions deprived of water and also suggested the sustainable approach for survival. He had earlier emphasized the effects of climate and the various ways of agriculture that can be fruitful for the agricultural activity within Saurashtra region.
Exhibition of photographs taken by Gurpreet Singh in Saurashtra was done in the afternoon session. Mr. Gurpreet is a Volunteer for photography and short story writing for People’s Archive of Rural India – with six photo-stories named Gender, Education, Camel in Culture, etc. Each and every photograph depicts a story which carves a niche for the illustrated picture. The pictorial description mesmerized the audience and the session was embraced by senior dignitaries and faculties.
Anushka Advani
Artist and Illustrator
An artist at heart, Anushka has her Concept Design Company, ‘Paperheads’, which is conceived to authentically engage and amuse the senses of an urban audience who inevitably find themselves leading transient lives. Gaining depth through global experiences, her designs reflect her evolution as an artist who makes everyday objects special with her essential and human approach to design.
Anushka’s unique and funky illustrative style is brought to life with ink on paper. The concept emerges out of line drawings inspired by the people Anushka comes across from a variety of places, and spaces around the world. All the illustrations are black and white, recognizing the impact of simple aesthetics while being complemented with an unexpectedly loony illustrative style. These drawings are then adapted on functional objects, lifestyle accessories, apparel, and print paraphernalia.
During her 3-day workshop at Marwadi University, she worked with a group of young enthusiasts from commerce, arts and science faculty, creating a beautiful mural on the walls of the library in her typical black and white style, ushering in a cool and funky mood in the dignified atmosphere of the main library. It was an amazing life experience for young minds who thrive on creativity and freedom of expression.
Marwadi University is looking forward to more interactions because of the profound positive impact of these workshops and is always on a lookout for artists from various fields who can share their art with the digital natives of this century.
It is my pleasure to introduce the Faculty of Physiotherapy at Marwadi University –Rajkot. Physiotherapists are key players in the health care delivery system in India today. They help in restoring and improving movements, keeping patients healthy, fit and active thereby improving the quality of life. They also play an important role in avoiding surgery and long term use of medications.
The faculty of Physiotherapy – Marwadi University is functioning with all modern gadgets for teaching and research. We provide our students with a very conducive environment to pursue their career & fulfill their dreams.
The ultimate goal of faculty of physiotherapy – Marwadi University is to prepare Physiotherapists, who are excellent in clinical as well as the academic field, admirable team workers and lifelong learners to practice as excellent therapists in a variety of health care delivery systems.
I take pride that our faculty members are highly qualified and competent in teaching as well as clinical practice. We encourage our students to participate in clinical, academic, research and cultural activities to enrich their mind, body, and soul.
We welcome you in Physiotherapy education and research.
A 360 DEGREE EDUCATION MODEL: ‘DISCOVER YOU’
We give hands-on learning experience to students and teachers through our uniquely designed 3 TIER STRUCTURE where we have divided learning in 3 stages with the end-in-mind to increase students’ employability
THE 3 TIERS OF LEARNING:
TIER – I: Faculties undergo rigorous training programs to upgrade, modify and innovate the teaching methodologies to be a step ahead in the dynamic field of education
TIER – 2: Here, each student is individually assessed for his skills and exclusive modules are designed based on scientific evaluation which makes the individuals aware of their specific strengths and weaknesses
TIER – 3: This is the action area. Here students are given hands-on experiences which give them an insight into the real world. This type of exposure breeds confidence and nurtures poise to deal with real situations
The bachelor degree course in Physics acts as the base to study various higher education courses. Upon completion of the course, the candidate can go for a master’s degree in various specialized areas. There is provision to go for higher education after a master’s degree in Physics.
Master of Science (M.Sc.) courses
Distinct Master level Courses in Physics
Ph. D. Courses in Physics
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Nuclear Physics
Welcome to a world full of new possibilities!
Artificial Intelligence is one of the fastest growing fields of scientific research. It has enabled automation of human tasks/decision-making, given insights into the working of our own brains, and made existing systems more efficient. The improvement in the quality of life that automation has brought is undeniable.
In the world of tomorrow, human and artificial intelligence will come together to hopefully augment the life of every human being. From self-driving cars to housekeeping robots, life is being made simpler and better by automating cheaper cognitive tasks due to the advances in the field of AI.
Also, for much more cognitively complex tasks such as medical diagnosis or financial analysis, AI-aided systems help people get more accurate results in lesser time than a non-AI system would have afforded. Instead of worrying that AI will take their jobs, people should be getting excited that they will soon be able to do their jobs through intelligent systems or in collaboration with intelligent agents. The collaboration between human and AI should help reduce each other’s errors, ushering in a new era of work. Augmenting human intelligence, especially creativity and decision-making with the help of automated systems presents a completely new way of living life itself.
Come. Join and Discover the hidden potential.
Welcome to Marwadi University.
We all perceive that business analytics careers are booming across the fields of IT, financial services, healthcare, and biotech. As we step into the age where ‘INTERNET OF THINGS – IoT’ will continue to grow rapidly in the coming years and analytics tools and techniques for dealing with the massive amounts of structured and unstructured data generated by IoT will continue to gain importance
Analytics will play an important role in data security. Analytics are already transforming intrusion detection, differential privacy, digital watermarking and malware countermeasures. Companies will voice their need to routinely monetizing their own data for financial gain
We will be witnessing a growth of Cognitive Analytics and the relevance of ‘Open Source Solutions’ will regain momentum.
All these will naturally boost demand for Data Scientists- a hunt for people who can balance quantitative analysis skills with an ability to tell the story of their data in
compelling, visual ways. It would not be wrong to say that the demand in the Business Analytics market would grow at an impressive pace in the upcoming years.
You’ll work on real-world projects and learn the skills necessary to succeed in data visualization, statistical modeling, data mining, optimization, and simulation in order to proficiently analyze large datasets and generate actionable insights. As part of our continual focus on the real-world application of classroom learning, corporate partners visit the University for seminars giving you a hands-on experience.
Your success matters. We connect you to a broad range of resources, such as the Learning and Development Center which gives you a professional edge, offering you value-added workshops to bolster your experiential education and a Placement team supporting you in providing the right leads.
Enjoy the challenge to identify the right mix of technologies and then put the pieces together.
“From its inception, Marwadi University has aspired to be a comprehensive university with a strong commitment to accessibility and social responsibility. Our faculty reaffirms the University’s aspirations by setting out key strategic initiatives to enable students to become world leaders. Our aim is to create a local platform for engineers and computer scientists to design the next generation of integrated technologies for a rapidly evolving world.
With over 100+ Ph. D faculty and 9000+ students, the university offers an environment where students receive an education acknowledged to be among the best in India and work side-by-side with faculty members and industry partners to conduct cutting-edge research.
We are committed to creating a student-centric environment that increases opportunities for hands-on, experiential learning and that cultivates interdisciplinary skills, such as leadership, business acumen, and social consciousness.
It is a pleasure to lead this enormous reserve of talent and community spirit. We have achieved many milestones in the form of recognition of the achievements of our students and faculty members through accolades, honor rolls and chairs. I look forward to further developing next-gen programs that meet both students’ needs and industry requirements. I am immensely proud of our community and excited to be a part of your journey towards success.
Mr. C. D. Parmar
HOD, Dept. of Information Technology, FOE, MEFGI, Rajkot
Welcome to Marwadi University.
The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering is committed to fostering engineering talents for the industry and the community. We have a good mix of top-notch researchers from a wide array of engineering interests. Many of them are world-class researchers and innovators who conduct impactful research projects in various interdisciplinary clusters. Our curriculum is specially designed to cover emerging areas such as big data, artificial intelligence (A.I.), FinTech, advanced robotics, sustainable infrastructure, and bio-nano materials.
To ensure continued growth, our focus is always on three major pillars: developing successful students, maintaining research excellence, and contributing to economic output and development.
Through investment in campus resources, a focus on entrepreneurial ventures, a strong connection with industry partners, and a drive to innovate, the University has been very successful at advancing our three pillars; and giving out a strong return on investment to the country and the world at large. Together with the opportunities in India, it is the best of times for engineering to play a more central role. It is our responsibility to provide solutions to global challenges and nurture leaders to embrace the advantages of technology advancement for the benefit of humankind and the planet.
At Marwadi University, you will find a community of learners dedicated to addressing some of the world’s most complex engineering challenges—from climate change to economic instability. This is a place where curiosity, compassion, and intellect combine to create breakthroughs that help us live better lives.
Our position as an exceptional engineering program provides a vibrant learning culture and ample leadership opportunities for our students that help us prepare profession-ready graduates.
A large part of our success comes from our top-notch faculty. Our researchers see the challenge of limited resources as an opportunity to develop clean energy systems from the sun, wind, and waves—and to make these systems affordable.
The College of Civil Engineering’s strong alliance to industry ensures relevancy in classrooms and research labs. Every year, the university is increasingly turning start-up discoveries into commercialized innovations that support our mission of building solutions for healthy people, a strong economy, and a sustainable environment. I am extremely proud of the learners, leaders, and thinkers who make up the College of Engineering. And I’m honored to be part of a team of people who aren’t just about making something happen but making something better.
Chemical Engineers are at the forefront of technology and their role in modern society is becoming increasingly important. Chemical Engineering Department at MEFGI takes pride in nurturing high-quality Chemical Engineering professionals for fruitful engagement in industry, research, and academics. We endeavor to generate new knowledge and technologies in the areas of chemical processing, environment, energy, and advanced materials. We cherish a vibrant atmosphere that is scholarly, interconnected and respectful of the rich diversity of our students, staff, and faculty.
The Faculty members of the department are dynamic individuals who are committed to delivering high-quality academic programs. They are leaders in their fields and this will ensure that you are exposed to the latest developments as well as obtaining a solid basis in the engineering fundamentals. Our undergraduate program benefits from the co-operative education model, offering the best mix of classroom learning and practical experience.
The world is changing rapidly and it is facing challenges in areas of energy, water, food, health, and environment. These trials are opportunities for Chemical Engineers who are best prepared with problem-solving skills to tackle the challenges for a better and sustainable world.
Welcome to the Department of Computer Engineering (CE) at the MEFGI! These are exciting times for computer scientists as the discipline is now widely recognized as an essential source of tools and techniques for advancements in nearly all spheres of human endeavor.
In this Digital Age, computer programs have infiltrated every aspect of our lives. Today, Computer Engineers theorize, design, develop and apply the software and hardware for the programs we use day in day out.
Computer engineering exists at the intersection of technology and innovation. A dynamic professional field, computer engineering offers varied career paths in both hardware engineering (e.g. microprocessors) and software development—each which drive computing advances in industries ranging from aerospace to healthcare. Computer engineers are the ones who have made our lives easy with everyday innovation.
The curriculum in Computer Engineering at Marwadi University starts with a Bachelor’s degree in Applied Computer Science with specialization in Computer Engineering. A Master’s degree in Computer Engineering gives you a scope of working with any renowned Institute of Computer Engineering.
Studying Computer Engineering helps you widen your creative horizon and provide solutions to the problems people haven’t thought about yet.
With the development of Internet of Things, (IoT) so many everyday items, appliances, and vehicles will be online that their numbers will far exceed the Earth’s population. And of course, making these networks of devices sufficiently robust and resilient will be a challenge for current and future computer engineers.
Discover a world of opportunities with Marwadi University!
It is my pleasure to introduce the Faculty of Pharmacy at Marwadi University, Rajkot. Currently, it offers programmes at Under-Graduate (B. Pharmacy) and Doctoral (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) level. After the recognition of Faculty of Pharmacy department at Marwadi University by Pharmacy Council of India, our faculty is poised to make enormous strides in meeting specific needs of both students and the community, exploring new frontiers in drug discovery, development, pharmaceutical sciences, and translational clinical research. Being a constituent department of Marwadi University, providing the highest standardsof education has been our constant endeavor. The department prepares thestudents to face the challenges of today’s world and to meet the demands ofthe pharmaceutical field. In order to make the students competitive and at par withtheir international counterparts, we have well-equipped laboratories, outstandinginfrastructure,and qualified, experienced & committed faculty. Excellent library facility is our key feature for deeper academic progress andlearning.
The department is always focusingon personality development of students, which not only enhance their learningof theories and concepts as a part of academics, but also improves theircommunication skills, gives them industry exposure, and provides an opportunity to gain hands-on skills, etc. We are committed to delivering the best of thelearning facilities and environment to the students.
We welcome your comments and suggestions for the improvement of pharmacy education and research.
I invite you to travel with us towards a very illuminated future.
E-Cells conduct several activities such as workshops, interaction with successful entrepreneurs, building prototypes, setting up small campus companies where other students can be your customers, internship opportunities with outside companies etc. in order to cultivate the below skill set among the students:
E-Cell also signed the MOU with Viridian ESpark Ventures Accelerator and Noida to support and coach the student-driven Start-ups enrolled under E-Cell.E-Cell has also dedicated a nodalcenter with all the basic facilities. Students can use the center even after working hours.
Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions (MEFGI), Rajkot is a center of erudition where we nurture young talents in various fields of Engineering. Our major emphasis lies in imparting technical training that encourages curiosity and innovativeness among our students and lays a foundation from where they can acquire quick learning ability and adaptivity to meet the fast-changing needs of the industry. Our campus is an exciting place to study and grow, where thinkers become leaders.
The interaction between students and professors greatly enriches the educational experience for all. Our campus provides a host of academic and non-academic activities for students to gain and use knowledge to build successful lives and careers and become an integral part of the community.
Our faculty members are experts in the areas they teach. Not only do they provide a solid grounding in the academic theories and concepts of their specialty, but they also provide students with challenges to explore new avenues. We provide the right balance of theory and practice, emphasizing on teamwork and collaboration.
Welcome to the Faculty of Information Technology!
Today we live in a digital age where information technology underpins almost everything we do. We need to look no further; smartphones, smartwatches, Fitbit that allows you to work, play, communicate, entertain, search for information, socialize with people, and lead a healthy lifestyle – all of these things are carried by us everyday.
IT profoundly alters the way we communicate with each other, search for information, keep in touch with our friends and families, carry out scientific endeavors, educate the next generation of leaders, voice our opinions, shop, and share with the rest of the world what we consider interesting. IT graduates today are in high demand in the job market.
The Department of IT Engineering, Marwadi University seeks to combine excellence in education and research with service to the industry. Our vision is to be recognized as an innovative and leading Information Technology Department in India and beyond. The Information Technology and Management program applies a hands-on, reality-based approach to education that allows students to apply what they learn in class to solve real-life problems. The program provides an innovative experience where students work on cutting-edge, industry-sponsored projects. Our teaching philosophy, project-based learning, and knowledge retention process prepare students to become innovators, entrepreneurs, and leaders of the future.
Our goal is to provide students with a balance of intellectual and practical experiences that enable them to serve a variety of societal needs. If you really want to become a leading Software Professional, the IT department of Faculty of Engineering at Marwadi University is the right place for you.
Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions (MEFGI), Rajkot is a center of erudition where we nurture young talents in different fields of Engineering. Our major emphasis of imparting technical training to encourage curiosity and inventiveness among our students and lay a foundation from where they can acquire quick learning ability to adapt with the fast-changing needs of the industry. Our campus is an exciting place to study and grow where thinkers become leaders and where there is a thirst for knowledge.
The interaction between students and professors greatly enriches the educational experience for all. Our campus provides students with the opportunities to gain and use knowledge to build successful lives and careers and become an integral part of the community.
Our faculty members are experts in the areas they teach. Not only do they provide a solid grounding in the academic theories and concepts of their specialty, but they also provide the student’s challenges facing their discipline. They provide the students with the right balance of theory and practice. We emphasize teamwork to give the opportunity to each student to benefit from the ideas and intelligence of their classmates.
Welcome aboard!
Coming Soon
There is no better time to be an engineer.
Judicious engineers are needed more than ever. Our aim is to prepare engineersequipped to face contemporary challenges and make the world a better place with smart, sustainable solutions that are created and implemented with knowledge, ethics, passion and compassion for those in need at home and around the World.
As dean, I have the privilege of leading this institution, a place where curiosity, compassion, and intellect combine to create breakthroughs that help us live better lives.
A large part of our success comes from our top-notch faculty. Our faculty push learners beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries to explore and create new areas of study. Their state-of-art-research looks at critical issues in materials, processes, systems, infrastructure, hardware and software at every scale—nano to macro to global—grounded in a translational approach that integrates the values of fundamental and applied research to meet societal needs.
Research at Marwadi is on an aggressive growth mode with programs in engineering geared to meet the changing needs of industry and society. Marwadi University provides undergraduate engineering students with early tools for research, the excitement of discovery and the opportunity to implement ideas.Our clubs such as ‘Construction Club’, ‘Aeromodelling Club’, ‘IOT Club’and many more, and programs and such as‘Kathan’and ‘Parivartan’ help prepare profession-ready graduates.
The College of Engineering’s strong alliance with industries ensures relevancy in classrooms and research labs. Programs such as ‘MUJCAL’ – a business-education partnership, gives high-achieving students professional experience. Every year, the college is increasingly turning discoveries into commercialized innovations through government supported ‘Start-ups’that support our mission of building solutions for a better tomorrow.
I am extremely proud of the learners, leaders, and thinkers who make up the College of Engineering. And I’m honoured to be part of a team of people who aren’t just about making something happen, but making something better.
Welcome aboard!
SPECIAL LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER
This Department is dedicated to continuously upgrading faculty, believing that learning is a continuous process. It also conducts regular workshops for students to strengthen their soft skills and all-round growth. Some of them are:
EXPERT MATRIX
OUR ACADEMIC EXPERTS consist of 500+ Faculty that includes 110+ P.HD. Faculties.
The courses are taught by experts and designed specifically for diverse learners to improve Academic Abilities, English Language Skills, and Subject Knowledge required for their entrepreneurial journey. The Academic Team comprises of accomplished Scientists, Researchers, Trainers, Innovators, and Management experts; hosting the highest number of Ph.D. faculty in Gujarat. They work by means of a specially designed 360-degree education model – a complete scientific tool to empower students with 21st-century skills.
DEDICATED TO YOUR SUCCESS
A 360 DEGREE EDUCATION MODEL: ‘DISCOVER YOU’
We give hands-on learning experience to students and teachers through our uniquely designed 3 TIER STRUCTURE where we have divided learning in 3 stages with the end-in-mind to increase students’ employability.
THE 3 TIERS OF LEARNING
TIER – I: Faculties undergo rigorous training programs to upgrade, modify and innovate the teaching methodologies to be a step ahead in the dynamic field of education.
TIER – 2: Here we focus on developing life-skills which elevate students on the employability index. Each student is individually assessed for his skills and exclusive modules are designed based on scientific evaluation which makes the individuals aware of their specific strengths and weaknesses.
TIER – 3: This is the action area. Here students are given hands-on experiences which give them an insight into the real world. This type of exposure breeds confidence and nurtures poise to deal with real situations.
MARWADI INSTITUTION AT A GLANCE
It is Gujarat’s only NAAC-A+ institution, home to 8500+ students from 24 states and 22 countries, and 101+ P. HD, faculties. This 20+ award-winning institution is a regional University with Global Vision. Spread over 10 lacs sq. ft area, institution boasts 8 Technologically Advanced Multi-storey Buildings, AV classrooms, fully equipped labs, sports complex and 700+ CCTV Cameras ensuring fool-proof security. The campus has banking and ATM facility within the premises. There is an adequate transportation facility with a fleet of 50 buses plying at regular intervals to nearby towns for students & staff.
IBM, CISCO, Cyberoam, TCS, Wipro are our Knowledge Partners.
Legal Process Outsourcing is similar to that of Business Process Outsourcing that is expanding in India. Professionals generally work on contracts and cases from countries such as USA and UK.
Media houses regularly cover important decisions of various courts and for the same they require reporters who understand the intricacies of law and provide analysis of the judgments. Many journals are published only for lawyer for example All India Reporter (AIR). Professionals with law degrees are almost always required for such journals.
For those students who are outgoing and want to stay independent can pursue Litigation as a career option. They can have very exciting career and can deal with different legal issues in day to day life. Many lawyers can also take up practice without visiting courts for example lawyers specializing in drafting and executing various contracts.
The number of students pursuing legal education has increased significantly which resulted in the establishment of new Law Schools. Those who are interested in teaching can pursue a career in academics after completing Master Degrees in Law.
Most of the companies require legal professionals on daily basis to remain updated about the new laws that require regular compliance. Company faces multiple legal issues on day to day basis and therefore most of the companies have a team of in house Legal Counselors who can update and advise management regarding multiple legal issues.
In today’s world where knowledge is freely available on the Internet, it has become very important to protect the inventions and innovations. Aspects such as Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights are very important and therefore there is a huge scope for an Intellectual Property Rights Attorney. Students having Science background can have a definite advantage as an Intellectual Property Rights Attorney.
Law firm is an option which can provide a quick start to one’s career. It offers an excellent salary package at the beginning of a career. Law firms are mostly engaged in providing legal services and counseling to corporate houses. Most of the transactions between big corporations are facilitated by Law firms.
Law is an excellent option for the students who are planning to appear for Civil Services and other Competitive Exams. Most of the Civil servants have to work along with the legal norms and rules and therefore a degree in Law will give a definite edge to the students. In Civil Services Examination paper, a lot of questions are asked regarding legal issues and Indian Constitution. Law also gives an exciting avenue of becoming a Judge by appearing for the competitive exams conducted by UPSC or State Level Public Service Commission. Becoming a Judge is considered to be one of the most respectable professions.
Law students can also get distinct advantage if they wish to pursue the course of Company Secretary. Many papers in Company Secretary Examination are directly pertaining to different commercial laws.
